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Sports Nutrition Considerations for Firefighters

by Sheyla Leon, and Drew E. Gonzalez, PHD, CISSN, CSCS,*D, TSAC-F,*D
April 2025
Vol 75, Issue 1

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This article will highlight recent key dietary practices and provide practical applications for implementing these practices for firefighters.

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This article originally appeared in TSAC Report, the NSCA’s quarterly, online-only publication geared toward the training of tactical athletes, operators, and facilitators. It provides research-based articles, performance drills, and conditioning techniques for operational, tactical athletes. The TSAC Report is only available for NSCA Members. Read more articles from TSAC Report 

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References

  1. Almeida, AA, Reeve, EH, Dickinson, RL, Carty, M, Gilpin, J, and Feairheller, DL. Civilians have higher adherence and more improvements in health with a Mediterranean diet and circuit training program compared with firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 64: 488-494, 2022.
  2. Alvar, BA, Sell K, and Deuster, PA. NSCA’s Essentials of Tactical Strength and Conditioning. Human Kinetics; 2017.
  3. Angerer, P, Kadlez-Gebhardt, S, Delius, M, Raluca, P, and Nowak, D. Comparison of cardiocirculatory and thermal strain of male firefighters during fire suppression to exercise stress test and aerobic exercise testing. The American Journal of Cardiology 102: 1551-1556, 2008.
  4. Aragon, AA, Schoenfeld, BJ, Wildman, R, Kleiner, S, VanDusseldorp, T, Taylor, L, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Diets and body composition. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 14: 1-19, 2017.
  5. Brown, RE, Canning, KL, Fung, M, Jiandani, D, Riddell, M, Macpherson, A, et al. Calorie estimation in adults differing in body weight class and weight loss status. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 48: 521-526, 2016.
  6. Chander, H, McAllister, MJ, and Holland AM. Effects of 7-day ketone ingestion and a physiological workload on postural stability, cognitive, and muscular exertion measures in professional firefighters. Safety 5: 15, 2019.
  7. Cheuvront, SN, Kenefick, RW, Montain, SJ, and Sawka, MN. Mechanisms of aerobic performance impairment with heat stress and dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology 109: 1989-1995, 2010.
  8. Cheuvront, SN, and Sawka, MN. Hydration assessment of athletes. Chinese Journal of Sports Medicine 25: 238, 2006.
  9. Close, GL, Kasper, AM, Walsh, NP, and Maughan, RJ. Food first but not always food only: Recommendations for using dietary supplements in sport. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 32: 371-386, 2022.
  10. Costello, RB, Lentino, CV, and Boyd CC. The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: A rapid evidence assessment of the literature. Nutrition Journal 13: 106, 2014.
  11. Fahy, RF, and Petrillo, JT. Firefighter fatalities in the US in 2020. National Fire Protection Association 2021.
  12. Fahy, RF, Petrillo, JT, and Molis, JL. Firefighter fatalities in the US-2019. National Fire Protection Association 1-26, 2020.
  13. Gonzalez, AE, Waldman, HS, Abel, MG, McCurdy, KW, and McAllister, MJ. Impact of time restricted feeding on fitness variables in professional resistance trained firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 63: 343-349, 2021.
  14. Gonzalez, DE, Dillard, CC, Johnson, SE, Martin, SE, and McAllister, MJ. Physiological stress responses to a live-fire training evolution in career structural firefighters. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 10: 1097, 2023.
  15. Gonzalez, DE, Lanham, SN, Martin, SE, Cleveland, R, Wilson, T, Langford, E, et al. Firefighter health: A narrative review of occupational threats and countermeasures. Healthcare (Basel) 12, 2024.
  16. Gonzalez, DE, Latt, SL, Blalock, T, Leutholtz, B, and Kreider, RB. Optimizing nutrition for exercise and sports. In: Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention Springer; 357-374, 2023.
  17. Gonzalez, DE, McAllister, MJ, Waldman, HS, Ferrando, A, Joyce, J, Barringer, N, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Tactical athlete nutrition. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 19: 267-315, 2022.
  18. Gonzalez, DE, Waldman, HS, and McAllister, MJ. The metabolic and physiological demands of a simulated fire ground test versus a live-fire training evolution in professional firefighters. International Journal of Exercise Science 16: 230, 2023.
  19. Guest, NS, VanDusseldorp, TA, Nelson, MT, Grgic, J, Schoenfeld, BJ, Jenkins, N, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Caffeine and exercise performance. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 18: 1, 2021.
  20. Hershey, MS, Chang, C-R, and Sotos-Prieto, M. Effect of a nutrition intervention on Mediterranean diet adherence among firefighters: a cluster randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open 6: e2329147-e2329147, 2023.
  21. Intakes SCotSEoDR, Electrolytes PoDRIf, Water. Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. National Academies Press, 2005.
  22. Jäger, R, Kerksick, CM, Campbell BI, Cribb, P, Wells, S, Skwiat, T, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 14: 20, 2017.
  23. Joe, MJ, Hatsu, IE, Tefft, A, Mok, S, and Adetona, O. Dietary behavior and diet interventions among structural firefighters: A narrative review. Nutrients 14, 2022.
  24. Kales, SN, and Smith, DL. Sudden cardiac death in the fire service. Oxford University Press UK 228-230, 2014.
  25. Kales, SN, and Smith, DL. Firefighting and the heart: Implications for prevention. American Heart Association 1296-1299, 2017.
  26. Kales, SN, Soteriades, ES, Christophi, CA, and Christiani,DC. Emergency duties and deaths from heart disease among firefighters in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 356: 1207-1215, 2007.
  27. Kales, SN, Soteriades, ES, Christoudias, SG, and Christiani, DC. Firefighters and on-duty deaths from coronary heart disease: A case control study. Environmental Health 2: 1-13, 2003.
  28. Kerksick, CM, Wilborn, CD, Roberts, MD, Smith-Ryan, A, Kleiner, S, Jäger, R, et al. ISSN exercise and sports nutrition review update: Research and recommendations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 15: 1-57, 2018.
About the author

Sheyla Leon

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Sheyla Leon is an incoming third year undergraduate student at Texas A&M University in College Station, TX. She assists with research at the Exercise ...

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About the author

Andrew Gonzalez, PhD, CSCS, TSAC-F

Texas A & M University

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Drew Gonzalez is a Postdoctoral Research Associate with the Exercise and Sports Nutrition Laboratory at Texas A&M University in College Station, TX. H ...

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